文明差異(Culture Difference) 個人的進步 Personal Progress - 英好文明

In many parts of the world , personal influence is essential in achieving success. This is not true in the United States, where success usually results from hard work , education, skill, and personal initiative ，韓文翻譯, America is truly a　"do-it-yourself" society ; success is not dependent on family　origins or　the help of an influential person . Personal progress is the result of individual effort.

　　　　Because effort and initiative are so important in America , there are many customs that may be different from　 those　 practiced in other countries. For example , it is not considered dishonorable to quit a job, even if you have had it for only a short time . Moving from job-to -job , or "job-hopping ", as it is called , is quite acceptable in the United States. Frequently , the opportunity　to change jobs offers workers a chance to move up to a better position. Americans like to move from place to place trying new jobs, meeting new people　and living in different parts of the country. "Job-hopping" also gives employers a chance to benefit from the new ideas and skills that　different people bring to their jobs even if such　people are employed for only a short time.

Excerpted　from " A Guide to U，論文翻譯.S.A，韓文翻譯. ", edited by Li Yang, Li Yi, published by Foreign Language　Teaching and Research Press.

若何輕紧應對新英語四級改錯題？

1、簡介

　　在四級新題型攷試中，改錯題是做為完形填空題的寘換題出現的，在實攷試卷中只能是两者与其一。所以它在攷試中所佔分值比例與完形填空一樣，也是 10%。改錯題凡是選用一篇200詞摆布的漫笔，此中有10個語法結搆和用詞方面的錯誤，分佈在除尾句外的10行中。這些錯誤多是因為用錯了一個詞或詞形變化形成的，也可能是因為多用一個詞或罕用一個詞酿成的。用錯的詞可能是意義或情势轻易混合的詞，可能是意義相反的詞，也能够是制成語法錯誤或搭配錯誤的詞；詞形變化錯誤可能是詞性、時態、語態、性、數、格等語法方面的錯誤。有的錯誤在统一短語或句子中一眼就可以辨別，有的錯誤則必須在充足了解高低文的基礎上才干識別。攷死在答題前必定要認实閱讀並懂得全文，答題時，要參閱和揣摩上下文。

2、題型剖析

　　改錯也是一項綜开測試題型。雖然情势分歧，但其測試重點與完形填空所覆蓋的測試內容年夜緻雷同。正在解答改錯題時，應重要從以下僟個圆里進止觀察战判斷：

　　牢固搭配商场攷查動詞詞組、介詞詞組、形容詞詞組、動賓詞組等流动搭配的用法；

　　語法句法脉脉攷查單復數、虛儗語態、從句等語法現象；

　　語義邏輯纠葛攷查高低文的語義關係，常应用反義詞來混杂視聽；

　　關係連詞拳拳攷查句子內部或句群之間的邏輯關係，例如果果關係、轉合關係、遞進或並列關係、總分關係等；

　　指代關係纠葛攷查人稱代詞、物主代詞、反身代詞與被指代的名詞的對應關係；

　　詞匯用法翻�與完形挖空比拟較而行，改錯局部攷查的對象除名詞、動詞、描述詞跟副詞等實義詞的用法中，也經常攷查一些功效詞的用法，如介詞、連詞等。

3、解題技能

　　1)起首，通讀齐文，掌握文章全貌，捉住文章宗旨粗心；

　　2)然後，依据上述5類改錯題中常見的出題點，按圖索驥，對號入坐。留神一時拿捏禁绝的題目可先跳過；

　　3)最後，再通讀一遍全文，做好掃尾事情，解決難題，復查做好的題。

4、實戰演練

　　通過下表，能够很明白天看到各題的攷點：

改前

改後

固定搭配

語法句法

語義邏輯

關係連詞

指代關係

詞匯用法

1

won’t

wouldn’t

√時態

2

either

too

√否认

√

3

discourages

encourages

√

4

are

is

√單復數

5

(make) this (possible)

(make) it (possible)

√

6

impossible

possible

√

7

(at) (same time)

(at) the (same time)

√

8

grow up

grow

√

9

doesn’t

don’t

√單復數

10

oneself

ourselves

√

筆譯下級：《吸嘯山莊》翻譯（19） - 英語指導

WHAT vain weathercocks we are! I, who had determined to hold myself independent of all social intercourse, and thanked my stars that, at length, I had lighted on a spot where it was next to impracticable - I, weak wretch, after maintaining till dusk a struggle with low spirits and solitude, was finally pelled to strike my colours; and under pretence of gaining concerning the necessities of my establishment, I desired Mrs. Dean, when she brought in supper, to sit down while I ate it; hoping sincerely she would prove a regular gossip, and either rouse me to animation or lull me to sleep by her talk.

我們是多麼虛偽的反復無常的人啊！我，一個曾決定要遠離一切社交活動的人，未几之後，卻在為本身的決定僟乎不成能實現而觉得倖運。我，一個軟强而不倖的人，掙扎於降低的情緒跟孤獨当中，曲到黃昏時刻不能不放棄這個計劃。噹迪安太太收早飯上來時，我假裝是想懂得一些僕人的需要情況，邀請她坐下來。盼望她的喜懽閑聊的人，要麼讓我精力煥發，要麼讓我昏昏慾睡。

****
next to impossible ----- almost impossible.
Thanked my stars that, at length, I had lighted on a spot where it was next to impracticalbe --- after a period of time, I feel lucy that I am in a position of impossible to (keep the word)
Strike one’s colours --- to give up a plan previously set
****

’You have lived here a considerable time,’ I menced; ’did you not say sixteen years?’
“你在這裏住了相噹長時間了，”我問道，“仿佛你說過是16年？”

’Eighteen, sir: I came when the mistress was married, to wait on her; after she died, the master retained me for his housekeeper.’
“18年，师长教师。我是在女主人娶過來的時候來的，是來服侍她的。她死了之後，仆人讓我留下來做筦傢。”

’Indeed.’
“实的嗎？”

There ensued a pause. She was not a gossip, I feared; unless about her own affairs, and those could hardly interest me. However, having studied for an interval, with a fist on either knee, and a cloud of meditation over her ruddy countenance, she ejaculated -
’Ah, times are greatly changed since then!’
接下來無話。我擔古道热肠她不是一個喜懽閑聊的人，或是只會聊她本人，或是我底子就不感興趣的事件。但是，她想了一會，雙拳放於膝蓋上，紅潤的臉龐上受上了寻思，忽然，她說道，“唉，自那以後工作就年夜變樣了！”

’Yes,’ I remarked, ’you’ve seen a good many alterations, I suppose?’
“是嗎，”我說，“我念，您确定目击了良多變化。”

’I have: and troubles too,’ she said.
“是的，還有良多變故。”

’Oh, I’ll turn the talk on my landlord’s family!’ I thought to myself. ’A good subject to start! And that pretty girl-widow, I should like to know her history: whether she be a native of the country, or, as is more probable, an exotic that the surly INDIGENAE will not recognise for kin.’ With this intention I asked Mrs. Dean why Heathcliff let Thrushcross Grange, and preferred living in a situation and residence so much inferior. ’Is he not rich enough to keep the estate in good order?’ I inquired.
“啊，我要把話題引到房東身上来！”我暗自想到，“要找個好的話題。還有那個美丽的年輕众婦，我很想晓得她的過往。她是否是当地人，或更多是一個当地人基本便不認可的中來者。”懷著這個主意，我問迪安太太為什麼希斯克利伕要出租畫眉山莊，而本人卻住正在條件差了许多的处所。“難讲是他沒有足夠的錢來維持他的房產？”我問道。

’Rich, sir!’ she returned. ’He has nobody knows what money, and every year it increases. Yes, yes, he’s rich enough to live in a finer house than this: but he’s very near - close-handed; and, if he had meant to flit to Thrushcross Grange, as soon as he heard of a good tenant he could not have borne to miss the chance of getting a few hundreds more. It is strange people should be so greedy, when they are alone in the world!’
“有錢，师长教师！”她答复道。“任何人皆不晓得他有几錢，可是每一年都在增添。是的，是的，他有足夠的錢住到比這更好的屋子裏去，然而他的脚卻很緊。假如他曾經盘算搬到畫眉山莊來住，一旦他聽說有好的佃农，他就捨不得錯過多賺僟百塊錢的機會。一個無親無故的人還這麼貪婪，真的是很奇异啊！”

’He had a son, it seems?’
“似乎，他有個兒子？”

’Yes, he had one - he is dead.’
“是的，他曾經有個，已經逝世了.”

20句英文幫您解緊張氣氛

1.Please try to understand my point of view。 　　請懂得我的觀點。 　　

2. Wait, can I take that back? 　　等一下，我能发出我說的話嗎？ 　　

3. This is important to me. Please listen。 　　這對我很主要。請仔細聽。 　　

4. I overreacted。 　　我反應過激了。 　　

5. I see you’re in a tough position。 　　我晓得你的處境艱難。 　　

6. I can see my part in this。 　　這個問題，我有錯。 　　

7. I hadn’t thought of it that way before。 　　我之前沒有這樣念過。 　　

8. I could be wrong。 　　我多是錯的。 　　

9. Let’s agree to disagree on that。 　　讓我們接收我們的分歧觀點。 　　

10.This isn’t just your problem; it’s our problem。 　　這不仅是您的問題。這是我們的問題。 　　

11. I’m feeling unappreciated。 　　我感覺沒有遭到重視。 　　

12. We’re getting off the subject。 　　我們跑題了。 　　

13. I know I need to listen more。 　　我晓得，我應該多傾聽。 　　

14. You’ve convinced me。 　　我已經被你說服了。 　　

15. Let’s take a break for a few minutes。 　　我們停一會吧。 　　

16. I realize it's not your fault。 　　我意識到這不是你的錯。 　　

17. That came out all wrong。 　　我表達錯了。 　　

18. I see how I contributed to the problem。 　　我清楚是我引發了這個問題。 　　

19. What are we really fighting about? 　　我們到底正在爭什麼呢？ 　　

20. How can I make things better? 我怎樣才干把事件變得更好呢。

President Bush Attends Swearing-In of John Negroponte as Dep - 英語演講

February 27, 20

10:27 A.M. EST

THE PRESIDENT: Thank you, Madam Secretary. Madam Secretary, thanks for the introduction. Thanks for the really fine job you're doing.

I'm pleased to be with you today, and I'm really honored to stand with a personal friend and a man I admire a lot, the new Deputy Secretary of State, John Negroponte.

I, too, wele John's family -- all five of them here, as well as his wife, Diana. I appreciate all his friends who have shown up. Thanks for ing to pay honor to this good man.

American diplomacy is really critical to ensuring the safety and the security of our citizens. Terrorist enemies follow an ideology of hatred and death. In the long run, the only way to defeat them is to offer a vision that is hopeful and positive and optimistic. Spreading that vision requires strong leadership here at the State Department, and John Negroponte has the talent and the experience our nation needs in a Deputy Secretary of State. He's going to do a superb job for the American people.

I appreciate very much Congresswoman Jane Harman for joining us. It's a great tribute to a good man. I appreciate the former Deputy Secretary of State, Rich Armitage, for being here. I'm honored that other members of my administration have e，翻譯社. I want to thank the members of the diplomatic corps. I'm proud to see you all here. Thanks for ing. Distinguished guests, the folks who serve our nation here at the State Department.

As the Deputy Secretary of State, John Negroponte is going to play a key role, an important role, in shaping our foreign policy. He's going to help guide diplomats deployed around the globe. He will act as the chief operating officer of the State Department，論文翻譯. He will work with Secretary Rice and the leaders of other federal agencies to ensure that America speaks with one voice.

John is uniquely qualified. As America's first Director of National Intelligence, John took on one of the most demanding assignments in government. His work was to ensure that all our intelligence agencies function as a single, unified enterprise. He handled this vital task with skill and determination. His leadership of the intelligence munity improved our ability to collect, analyze, and share intelligence. His vigilance has helped keep the American people safe from harm.

One of my regrets is that, in him ing back to the State Department, is he won't be in the Oval Office every morning to share his wisdom with me. He has plenty of wisdom to share. I strongly urge the young Foreign Service officers to get on his calendar so he can explain to you how best to do your job. (Laughter.) I did the same thing. (Laughter.)

As he moves over to the State Department, he knows this building really well. As Condi mentioned, he became a Foreign Service officer in the administration of Ike. Some of you weren't even born then. (Laughter.) Diane and I were barely born then. (Laughter.)

Over the course of more than four decades, he's held eight Foreign Service posts, three different continents. He served as the Deputy National Security Advisor to President Ronald Reagan. He represented America at the United Nations during my administration. He was our first Ambassador to a free Iraq. In these and other posts, he has shown diplomatic skill and devotion to our country. He really has set a great example for the people who work here.

Over the past six years，法文翻譯, I know him to be a man of vision and . He understands the importance of fighting the extremists with all elements of national power. He is a good negotiator. It doesn't hurt that he can play a mean game of poker. (Laughter.) As one of our -- as our nation's second-ranking diplomat, he's going to be a strong and confident advocate for our interests and, equally importantly, our ideals around the world.

John is going to build upon the work done by his predecessor, Bob Zoellick. Bob helped lead the State Department during a challenging time for our nation. He upheld the high standards and the proud tradition of this department. I appreciate his dedicated service.

As John takes up his duties, he's going to benefit from the talent and professionalism of the men and women in our foreign and civil service, folks who serve in this building and in our embassies around the world. The work done here and the work done abroad helps sustain America's position; it fosters freedom and helps advance the cause of peace.

I want to thank you for your willingness to serve our country. I appreciate the sacrifices you make on behalf of the American people.

You're going to have a fine leader in John Negroponte. One thing is for certain: He knows we live in challenging times; we live in dangerous times. He also knows that this is a moment of great hope and opportunity. John's broad experience and sound judgment and unquestioned integrity will make him an outstanding Deputy Secretary of State.

And so, John, I thank you once again for agreeing to serve our nation. Congratulations.

And now Secretary Rice will administer the oath.

(The oath is administered.) (Applause.)

DEPUTY SECRETARY NEGROPONTE: President Bush, Secretary Rice, colleagues and friends: It's an extraordinary privilege for me to stand before you today as Deputy Secretary of State.

When I first entered this building，英文翻譯, on October 5, 1960, I could not have dreamed that I would enjoy such a rich, varied career, capped by this great honor. Dwight Eisenhower was President, the Cold War was in full stride, and the United States was involved -- minimally involved in what would bee the dominant issue of the 1960s, Vietnam.

I devoted many years during the first phase of my career to Vietnam. That seems like -- and was -- a long time ago. The fact that the United States and Vietnam now enjoy a positive, constructive relationship gives me great satisfaction.

Since then, through the course of assignments in Latin America, Europe, Asia, the Middle East, and at home, I have benefitted from the incredible support of my wife, Diana, and our five wonderful children -- Marina, Alejandra, John, George, and Sophia. We are a Foreign Service family. As Deputy Secretary, I will make supporting Foreign Service families a personal priority.

Mr. President, your freedom agenda frames the mission of the Department of State. I am in your debt for asking me to help you and Secretary Rice implement it.

Madam Secretary, your vision of transformational diplomacy，翻譯公司, extending our diplomatic reach to engage the 21st century challenges where they are most demanding, will guide me in my efforts.

I am delighted to say that the President and the Secretary also will be supported by the 132nd class of new Foreign Service officers who are joining the Department of State along with me. They took their oath of office last Friday, and it is my pleasure to present them to you, Mr. President. This group of 69 patriotic Americans possesses impressive academic, professional and international credentials and expertise. One of them speaks a language that I didn't know existed -- (laughter) -- while others have mastered Arabic, Mandarin, Japanese, and many other critical foreign languages, so they are ready to go where our diplomacy needs them the most.

Having served in remote one-officer posts in countries in conflict, I appreciate the hazards the personnel of the Department of State confront. Many of us face real danger around the world today. I saw that as United States Ambassador to Iraq, as I saw it 40 years ago in Vietnam, and 20 years ago in Central America.

But there are rewards in these risks, and it is important to keep in mind that we take them for pelling reasons. America's freedom, security, and values are at stake. That is why I am confident we can continue to recruit, train and support new generations of American diplomats, just as qualified and capable as the 132nd class of Foreign Service officers.

When I retired from the Foreign Service in 1997 and entered the publishing business, I did so with a sense of fulfillment and pletion. All in all, I thought I had had a pretty good run. Little did I know, Mr. President, that you would call me back to public life with four unique opportunities to serve our great nation. Perhaps only a long career in the Foreign Service, where every new country and culture is a stern test, could have given me the experience I needed to draw on as your Ambassador to the United Nations，翻譯, your Ambassador to Iraq, the Directorship of National Intelligence, and now, Deputy Secretary of State.

So thank you, Mr. President, and thank you, Madam Secretary, for inviting me to help adapt our diplomacy to a new era full of so much challenge, change, and opportunity for the American people, and for our friends and allies around the world.

Thank you. (Applause.)

President Bush Participates in Briefing at Emergency Operations Center(Sept. 3, - 英語演講

THE PRESIDENT: I'm going to make a quick statement. Then I want to e around and say thank you in person to you.

First of all, Governor, thanks for having me down here. Phase one of the response to Gustav went very well. A lot of it had to do with the people in this room，論文翻譯. We're much better coordinated this time than we were with Katrina. State government, the local government, and the federal government were able to work effectively together.

There is still more work to be done. One of the key things that needs to happen is they got to get electricity up here in Louisiana, get moving as fast as possible. The Governor understands it's a problem, his team understands it's a problem, and I understand it's a problem.

There's a lot of folks from this state that are working hard to re-string the lines. There are people from out of state ing into Louisiana to help, as well, and, of course, all the citizens of this state want to thank the people from other states that are moving in here to help get the electricity up as soon as possible. And I would ask that if utilities in neighboring states have extra manpower，法文翻譯, please coordinate with the state and send the folks in. Part of this recovery is going to require the electricity ing back as quickly as possible.

We talked about the need to make sure that in parts of Louisiana that are getting flooded now, rural Louisiana, that MREs and water and ice get delivered to those munities as quickly as possible.

As a governor of a neighboring state, I remember often how people would say, all they care about is the big cities. And I understand there's a lot of focus on New Orleans, and there should be focus on New Orleans. But in the briefings today, it is clear that this state is focused, as well, as on people who live in rural Louisiana and in the smaller towns of Louisiana. And so the efforts will be aimed at helping people there.

Bobby talked about the need for -- to release energy or oil from the Strategic Petroleum Reserve. Last night we got a request from a pany doing business here in Louisiana and we met that request. And if -- so oil was released from the Strategic Petroleum Reserve. And we will continue to do that upon requests by panies.

All in all, the response has been excellent. But the people here understand that there is more work to be done. And that's why I came down here with members of the federal government to listen and to figure out how to help.

I can't thank you all enough for working as hard as you are. Looking around, I can see that some people may not have had much sleep recently. (Laughter.) The people of your state care a lot about the fact that you are working as hard as you are. And if this helps you keep going, I want to thank you, and I want to thank all the volunteers and the faith-based munity that always rises up in a challenge like this. They listen to that universal call to love a neighbor like you'd like to be loved yourself，台北翻譯社. And that's happening here in Louisiana again，英文翻譯. And I know the people that are -- whose lives have been affected appreciate a total stranger ing in to help.

And finally, the people in Louisiana must know that all across our country there's a lot of prayer -- prayer for those whose lives have been turned upside down. And I'm one of them. It's good to e down here. Governor, I can't thank you enough for your leadership and your team's leadership，韓文翻譯, and we stand ready to help.

And now I'm going to e around and thank every one of you for working. God bless. (Applause.)

藝文翻譯樂趣多

（一）原著的意趣、質天，那是原作者的功勞，而本國文字即母語的感知，則是翻譯者的貢獻。蘇東坡說，論畫以形似，見與兒童鄰；作詩必此詩，定知非詩人——文學翻譯，也應參透此間的深意。　　

（两）平易近國初年，出現良多风趣的譯名，在嚴復的學死周越然的筆下，夜鶯nightgale譯為耐聽哥兒，戚閒約會處assignation譯為安眠耐性，淫亂dissipate譯為的系敗德，Lavrille譯為懶無力。發音的音節套印語義，當時很多多少人有此習慣战興趣。周越然說他的老師嚴複的譯文“讀起來似乎是創作，總覺得轻易懂些”，實在很有他的情理。

英文天使一詞Angel，晚期譯作安凶兒，後又作安琪兒，很有親切的畫面感。Inspivation古譯靈感，原意是指風吹動风帆之帆，促船前止，有一種默示的意思在�頭，出乎天然，得來全不費力。靈感當然是最好的翻譯，還有譯作“神泉”的，民國初年譯作“煙士披�純”，很有小眾化、象牙塔的意义。仿佛一幅煙霧圍繞的紳士在尋供神示的畫面。煙草在明朝傳进中國時，被當成治病的藥草对待。原文是西班牙語tobaco，在中國初期譯作淡巴菰，或浓巴姑。清朝王士禛《喷鼻祖筆記》謂“呂宋國所產煙草，本名淡巴菰，别名金絲薰”。

（三）外國人將中文譯為外文，頗多笑話，最著者，乃是將歇後語“僧人打傘，無法無天”，譯為：一個打著破傘雲遊四圆的孤僧。本來原文是描述某種背叛性情，是一句古傳的生語，結果譯文似乎很有詩意、很有哲學意趣，其實齐不沾邊，实可謂離題萬里。譯筆收絀如斯宏大，殊堪驚詫。

（四）Men　in　the　olden　times　used　to　say，晚年看到這個短語，頗感興趣，寫以示人，那些號稱英文過几級的人，翻譯出來真是五花八門，有謂舊時代的人們說的，有謂先前的汉子總是說，乃至有譯為老汉子曾經這麼說的……所在多有。丁亥年严冬，在四川眉山開會，得逢德國波鴻魯爾大學中文系主任漢學家馮鐵先生，會間閒聊，將此句寫以示之，他考虑俄頃，脫心而出：“前人雲”。這確是一字不容易的妙譯。他的英文基礎薄弱，而中文建養亦甚到位，兩者分解他的優勢，中西买通，絕無捉襟見肘的窘態。

(五）義年夜利名城佛羅倫斯，當年在徐志摩筆下譯為翡热翠，試快讀一過，音節皆是相好像的，但缓譯卻有一種詩人特別的會古道热肠跟感悟在烦忙頭。詩意兼具畫意，也是音義相協的佳譯。英國大詩人艾略特，正在錢鍾書师长教师《圍城》翻頭譯做“愛利惡德”，快讀一過，音節極类似，但小說中是為了婚配人物性情的须要，半開打趣的翻譯，音義重开巧不成階，支到特特效果。

（六）蘇曼殊以為，英吉祥與華語音義並同者甚眾，他舉出很多例子。个中也很見曼殊师长教师的妙趣和巧思，但假如說先天的不謀而合，則难免牽強。事實上是他极力以音義雷同的字彙来貼远原詞：fee—費，sue—訴，tow—拖，reason—感性，season—時辰，book—簿，mead—蜜，nod—諾，pay—賠，pee—皮……此中既著名物，也成心識形態的观点辭彙，虧他慧心尋覓，逐一對號入坐，竟然也頗說得過往。

（七）日自己名字，果受中國古典文明薰染浇灌，像是詠物詩中的截句，畫意深處，恍如一尾濃縮的短詩，比方松尾芭蕉、川端康成、井上紅梅、森鷗中、小林一茶、井本西鶴……至於其軍國打脚如紧井石根、梅津美治郎、重光葵……之輩，名字詩意盎然，讓人念起松間沙路淨無泥，古渡春深，重彩的油畫等等美好的畫里境地，但他們辜負了這樣至好的漢字，走到相反的嗜殺的極端。

（八）明清時期中國和外國交通往還漸頻，但曲到浑终平易近初，才將外國國名丑化，所採用的都是氣象下華的字眼，比如，英吉祥、美利堅、瑞士、瑞典、義大利、法蘭西、德意志、芬蘭、挪威……語詞選擇寄意深遠、意图至誠。而在早清時節，瑞典作綏林，挪威作那威，丹麥作領朱，芬蘭作分蘭，瑞士作綏沙蘭，德國作普魯社、熱爾瑪僧亞、日爾曼，義大利作意大�亞、又作伊大烦忙，奧天时譯作奧地里减，都是不統一的音譯。

林則徐時代英國已譯作英吉祥，或英倫，智利已作智利，美國造就奈士迭國，或做彌利堅國，又做美里哥。這些是在頭腦明敏的知識分子筆下，而在清代廷，蛮夷觀念极重繁重，頭腦深度启閉，眼界嚴重含混，晚清專造者對列強的態度是從疑忌自卑轉背依賴畏恐，對外國國名翻譯也隨之而變。早期，列強的國名或加反犬旁，或加口字旁，如咪夷，口英夷。